PostgreSQL Field Notes

Notes for the problems that show up after launch: bad plans, awkward migrations, index debt, vacuum pressure, replica lag, and the small decisions that make PostgreSQL easier to operate.

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SQL Server MariaDB MySQL pgvector and RAG Indexes Slow Queries Locks and Transactions Backups and Durability Replication and WAL Connections and Pooling CPU, Memory, and I/O Vacuum and Bloat Cloud Providers

January 27, 20266 min read

Range Types in Postgres: The Built-in Solution to Overlap Problems

Range types model time windows, numeric ranges, and any "from-to" data. They support overlap queries natively and combine with EXCLUDE constraints to prevent invalid data.

January 26, 20269 min read

Materialized Views in Postgres: Cheap Reads, Expensive Refreshes

Materialized views are excellent when stale-enough reads are worth a scheduled rebuild. They are painful when teams expect incremental freshness or forget the refresh lock model.

January 25, 20266 min read

Rollup Tables in Postgres: The Pattern That Replaces Most BI Queries

Rollup tables are pre-aggregated summaries of source data, kept up to date via triggers or scheduled jobs. They turn dashboard queries from seconds into milliseconds.

January 24, 20268 min read

Postgres Checkpoint Tuning: The Latency Spike Nobody Sees Coming

Checkpoint problems show up as periodic latency spikes. The work is smoothing writes, sizing WAL, and proving checkpoints are the thing users feel.

January 23, 20267 min read

Time-Series Data in Postgres: Honest Tradeoffs Before You Reach for TimescaleDB

Postgres handles time-series data better than people assume. The decision to add a specialized extension should come from observed limits, not preemptive optimization.

January 22, 20269 min read

Incremental Aggregation in Postgres: When Materialized Views Are Not Enough

Postgres materialized views refresh a result set; they do not give you automatic incremental aggregation. For high-churn dashboards, you need deltas, watermarks, and late-data rules.

January 21, 20265 min read

Postgres High CPU: Where the Cycles Actually Go

When Postgres CPU is high, the question is not whether the server is fast enough. It is which queries are using the cycles and whether they should be.

January 20, 20266 min read

Postgres High I/O: Diagnosing Where Disk Goes Wrong

High I/O is not a storage verdict. It is a workload question: which query, table, index, vacuum, checkpoint, or spill is reading and writing the bytes?

January 19, 20266 min read

Postgres Memory Pressure: Diagnosing OOMs and the Settings That Prevent Them

A Postgres OOM kill is one of the few crashes that is almost always preventable. The pattern is consistent enough to have a checklist.

January 18, 20265 min read

Temporary Files in Postgres: When Queries Spill to Disk and Why

Temp files are hidden disk work. They explain slow sorts, hash joins, and aggregations that look fine until work_mem runs out under real concurrency.

January 17, 20267 min read

When the Planner is Wrong: Fixing Bad Row Estimates in Postgres

Bad plans usually start with bad row estimates. Fix the first wrong estimate and the rest of the plan often stops looking mysterious.

January 16, 20268 min read

Slow Inserts in Postgres: It's Almost Always One of Three Things

Slow inserts are rarely just inserts. They are usually index maintenance, constraint and trigger work, WAL/checkpoint pressure, or a transaction pattern that makes every row pay retail.